Hamilton:

It became a symbol of overfishing and poor management, however, when Canada imposed a commercial fishing moratorium in 1992 after nearly all of the fish disappeared, leaving tens of thousands in the sector unemployed. The moratorium was initially ordered to last two years, but it would only be lifted in 2024 as fish stocks struggled to bounce back.

Canada has lifted a three-decade moratorium on commercial cod fishing, but there are signs Atlantic stocks have not fully recovered, raising questions about the government's rosy outlook for the sector. The fishery off the coast of the nation's easternmost Newfoundland province had been a major economic driver for centuries, providing livelihoods for local and European fisherman.

Why the cod population has failed to recover despite a long moratorium is the million-dollar question, said Tyler Eddy, a researcher at Memorial University in Newfoundland, pointing to a number of factors such as changing water temperatures.

Last year, the largest vessels in the offshore fleet set out to sea with a quota to catch 18,000 tons of fish -- a far cry from the 120,000 tons authorized just months before the moratorium and the 250,000 tons fished annually in the late 1980s.

The spawning stock is currently estimated at nearly 525,000 tons, according to the latest data released in April. But it has never been able to recover to the levels it reached in the decades before to the moratorium, the scientist noted. The cod population today represents 76 percent of the levels estimated in the 1980s, and 38 percent of a peak in the 1960s, according to Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Other fish in danger :

Its population has still not recovered and is expected to decline further this year, according to Fisheries and Oceans Canada, which added this will limit the growth potential of the cod stock.

The recovery of cod also depends on the abundance of capelin, a small forage fish that is one of its main food sources and whose stock also collapsed in the early 1990s.

"The cod stocks are still in trouble and in a very fragile state," she told AFP, urging the government to come up with a better plan for managing both of those fisheries. "Right now, capelin don't have any rebuilding measures or harvest rules," she pointed out.

For Rebecca Schijns of the environmental non-profit group Oceana, "until capelin rebounds, this really isn't the time to ramp up fishing."

Changes in 32 years :

Sylvie Lapointe, president of the Atlantic Groundfish Council, which represents the deep-sea fishing sector, disagrees. She is calling for an increase in quotas to 50,000 tonnes this year. That level represents less than 10 percent of the current cod stock and is "very conservative when you consider what is happening with other cod stocks in Europe," she insisted.

"We were the poster child for the lack of sustainable management. But a lot has changed in 32 years: fishing methods, the industry's mentality, the markets," she said.

The moratorium had been devastating because cod was Newfoundland's main economic driver for 500 years, commented Alberto Wareham, who runs the Icewater Seafoods fish processing plant. Some 30,000 people lost their jobs, but his plant survived thanks to the catches of inshore fishermen -- whose small boats were still permitted -- and the import of frozen cod from Norway and Russia.

Coastal fishermen now fear a repeat of history with the return of boats operating on the high seas. "They can be incredibly destructive and catch in one go with their fishing gear what we can catch all summer long," explained Lillian Saul, who advocates for the maintenance of sustainable fishing.

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